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 In John, John emphasizes the last things that have already begun to break into the present. This kind of expression is found in some places: “but the hour is coming and is now here” (4:23; 5:25) and “the hour has come” (12:23). These expressions display the realized character of Johannine dualism. A new order has come (realized eschatology): the Law came through Moses, but grace and truth came through Jesus (1:17). Those who cling to the law orient themselves around a past revelation (Jn.1:17), but those who come and believe in him whom God has sent (Jn.8:42) receive the light of the present revelation which has come but also still to come (Jn.15:26; 4:16ff).[1] The contrast between the water from Jacob’s well from which one would thirst again (4:12) and the water which Jesus gives (Jn.4:14) displays the present quality of John’s eschatology. One of the undeniable aspects of Johannine dualism is that while the soteriological task of Jesus of Nazareth has been completed, God’s revelation has not ended. The future holds the last judgment and final revelation


[1] Harry A. Hahne, “Gospel of John: Dualism and Eschatology,” in RQ 7/4 (2012): 3. 1-12.

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